Cockroaches are one of the oldest insects on earth — they've been around for more than 300 million years. There are roughly 4,500 species worldwide, but only a handful ever end up as household pests. In California's Central Valley, three species do almost all of the damage in homes and businesses: German, American, and Oriental cockroaches.
All three are nocturnal, so seeing one during the day usually means the population is bigger than it looks. They're flattened and flexible, which lets them squeeze through cracks as thin as a credit card. They'll eat almost anything — food crumbs, grease, cardboard, glue, pet food, even hair — and they only need a small amount of water to survive.
Cockroaches matter because they're a public-health pest, not just a nuisance. Their shed skins and droppings are a well- documented trigger for asthma and allergies (especially in children), and they mechanically spread bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli from drains, garbage, and sewers onto counters, dishes, and food.